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Sonia Sotomayor

Image of Sonia Sotomayor

Supreme Court of the United states

Tenure

2009 - Nowadays

Years in position

12

Prior offices

United states Commune Court for the Southern District of New York

Us Court of Appeals for the 2d Circuit

Didactics


Sonia Sotomayor is an acquaintance justice of the Supreme Court of the United states of america. She was nominated past President Barack Obama (D) to fill the seat left vacant by David Souter on June ane, 2009. She was confirmed by the Senate on August 6 and sworn in on August 8, 2009, becoming the first Hispanic justice to sit down on the Court.[1]

Sotomayor began her legal career every bit an assistant district chaser in Manhattan. She moved into individual practise at Pavia & Harcourt, where she specialized in intellectual property rights and copyright litigation.[1]

She was nominated to serve on the District Court for the Southern Commune of New York by President George H.Westward. Bush (R) in 1991 and the U.s. Courtroom of Appeals for the Second Excursion by President Bill Clinton (D) In 1997.

Sotomayor'south notable opinions include her dissent in preferential admissions instance Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action and the majority opinion in ballgame case Eye for Reproductive Law and Policy 5. Bush.

Professional career

  • 2009 - Present: Acquaintance justice, Supreme Courtroom of the United States
  • 1998-2009: Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the second Circuit
  • 1992-1998: Judge, U.s. District Court for the Southern District of New York
  • 1984-1992: Private do, New York, N.Y.
  • 1979-1984: Banana district attorney, New York County, N.Y.[2]

Early life and education

Sotomayor was born on June 25, 1954, in New York, New York. Her parents were born in Puerto Rico.[3] [iv] [five] Sotomayor graduated as valedictorian from Cardinal Spellman High School, a private Cosmic school in New York Metropolis, in 1972. At the time of her confirmation, Sotomayor was the sixth sitting Cosmic on the court, alongside Master Justice John Roberts and justices Anthony Kennedy, Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel Alito.[6] [7] [8]

Sotomayor graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University with an undergraduate degree in history in 1976. While at Princeton, she received the M. Taylor Pyne Accolade Prize. Sotomayor wrote her senior thesis on "The Impact of the Life of Luis Muñoz Marin on the Political and Economic History of Puerto Rico, 1930-1975." After graduating from Princeton University, Sotomayor attended Yale Law Schoolhouse, where she received her J.D. in 1979. She co-chaired the Latin American and Native American Students Clan and was published in the Yale Constabulary Journal (where she served equally an editor) with the note "Statehood and the Equal Ground Doctrine: The Case for Puerto Rican Seabed Rights," which, every bit the title suggests, analyzed issues regarding Puerto Rico's ability to maintain rights to its seabed if information technology pursued statehood.[9] [10] [eleven] [12] [13] [14] [fifteen] [3]

Approach to the constabulary

Sotomayor is known to be a member of the court's liberal bloc. Recapping her first ten years on the court, Richard Wolf wrote in Usa Today in 2019 that "she has been a reliable member of the court'southward liberal wing."[16]

Oyez, a constabulary project created by Cornell's Legal Information Found, Justia, and Chicago-Kent College of Law, said in 2019 that Sotomayor "is known on the court for her trust in the judicial process, and her cutthroat attitude toward ill-prepared attorneys. She is also known for her kindness toward jurors and the attorneys who work difficult to advocate for their clients."[1]

Martin-Quinn score

Sotomayor's Martin-Quinn score following the 2020-2021 term was -three.96, making her the most liberal justice on the courtroom at that time. Martin-Quinn scores were developed past political scientists Andrew Martin and Kevin Quinn from the University of Michigan, and measure the justices of the Supreme Courtroom along an ideological continuum. The further from zero on the calibration, the more conservative (>0) or liberal (<0) the justice. The chart beneath details every justice'due south Martin-Quinn score for the 2020-2021 term.

Video discussion

Sotomayor spoke at the Library of Congress in February 2018 about her piece of work as a children's author, differences in her piece of work at dissimilar levels of federal courts, and how rulings of the courtroom bear on time to come cases. The video of that effect is embedded below.

Judicial career

U.s.a. Supreme Court (2009 - present)

Nomination Tracker

Fedbadgesmall.png

Nominee Information
Name: Sonia Sotomayor
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Progress
Confirmed 66 days later on nomination.
Approved ANominated: June 1, 2009
Approved AABA Rating: Unanimously Well Qualified
Questionnaire:
Approved AHearing: January 9-13, 2006
Hearing Transcript: Hearing Transcript
QFRs: (Hover over QFRs to read more)
Approved AReported: July 28, 2009
Approved AConfirmed: Baronial half-dozen, 2009
Approved AVote: 68-31

On May 26, 2009, President Barack Obama (D) nominated Sotomayor to the Supreme Courtroom of the U.s.a. to fill the seat of Justice David Souter. The Senate Judiciary Commission voted in favor of her confirmation on July 28, 2009, in a 13-6 vote with one Republican, Senator Lindsey Graham, voting in favor. Sotomayor was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 6, 2009, on a vote of 68-31.[17] [18] [19] [xx] [21]

Sotomayor became the first Hispanic Supreme Courtroom justice with her confirmation on August half-dozen, 2009. She was the tertiary woman to serve on the nation's highest court at the fourth dimension of her confirmation.[17] [22]

At the time of Sotomayor's confirmation hearings, Democrats had enough votes to circumvent any Republican attempts to block her confirmation.[23] [24]

Second Circuit Court of Appeals (1998-2009)

Sotomayor served equally a judge on the U.s.a. Courtroom of Appeals for the 2nd Excursion from 1998 until her confirmation as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United states of america in 2009.

On the recommendation of U.South. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D), Sotomayor was nominated to the United States Court of Appeals for the second Circuit by President Beak Clinton (D) on June 25, 1997, to a seat vacated past Daniel Mahoney. Sotomayor was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on October ii, 1998, on a 67-29-ii vote, receiving her commission on October 7, 1998.[25] [26]

A substantial majority of judicial evaluators at the American Bar Association ranked Sotomayor in 1997 as "well qualified" for a position on the federal appellate demote, while a minority of evaluators found her "qualified."[27]

In filling out her Senate Judiciary Committee questionnaire, Sotomayor wrote that "judges must be extraordinarily sensitive to the impact of their decisions and part within, and respectful of, the Constitution."[28]

For Sotomayor'south confirmation materials from 1998, visit the Sotomayor Collection at the William J. Clinton Presidential Library at this link.

Southern Commune of New York (1992-1998)

Sotomayor's appointment was held upward for nearly a twelvemonth under an anonymous hold, despite approval by the Senate Judiciary Commission and a Unanimously Qualified rating by the American Bar Association. Sotomayor was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August eleven, 1992, past unanimous consent, receiving her commission on August 12, 1992. When she joined the court, she was its youngest judge.[29] [30] [31]

Supreme Court statistics

Opinions by yr

Below is a table of the number of opinions, concurrences, and dissents that Sotomayor has issued since joining the Supreme Courtroom co-ordinate to the information on Cornell University's Legal Information Establish and the website SCOTUSblog. This data is updated annually at the end of each term.[32] [33] [34]

Opinions written past year, Sonia Sotomayor
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Opinions 8 7 6 8 8 7 vii 7 7 7 5 vi
Concurrences 3 ix 7 iii 6 3 iii iv 7 3 9 vii
Dissents 4 6 six 5 5 half-dozen 5 4 nine 9 8 9
Totals fifteen 22 19 16 19 16 15 fifteen 23 19 22 22

Justice understanding

In the 2020 term, Sotomayor had the highest agreement charge per unit with Stephen Breyer. Sotomayor had the highest disagreement charge per unit with Samuel Alito.[35] In the 2018 and 2019 terms, Sotomayor agreed in full, role, or judgment only the most often with Ruth Bader Ginsburg. She disagreed most oft with Clarence Thomas.[36] [37] The tabular array below highlights Sotomayor'southward understanding and disagreement rates with each justice on the court during that term.

Sonia Sotomayor agreement rates, 2017 - Present
2017 term 2018 term 2019 term 2020 term
Justice Agreement charge per unit Disagreement rate Agreement rate Disagreement rate Agreement rate Disagreement rate Agreement rate[38] Disagreement rate
John Roberts 66% 34% 65% 35% 69% 31% 66% 34%
Anthony Kennedy 65% 35% N/A N/A Northward/A N/A N/A N/A
Clarence Thomas 51% 19% 50% fifty% 44% 56% 55% 45%
Ruth Bader Ginsburg 96% four% 93% 7% 89% xi% N/A N/A
Stephen Breyer 90% ten% 85% fifteen% 85% fifteen% 93% vii%
Samuel Alito 49% 51% 57% 43% 46% 54% 53% 47%
Elena Kagan 91% 9% 88% 12% 88% 12% 88% 12%
Neil Gorsuch 55% 45% 63% 37% 64% 36% 58% 42%
Brett Kavanaugh N/A N/A 64% 36% 65% 35% 66% 34%
Amy Coney Barrett N/A N/A N/A N/A North/A N/A 58% 42%

Frequency in majority

In the 2020 term, Sotomayor was in the bulk in 69 percent of decisions. Sotomayor was in the bulk the least frequently of the nine justices.[39] In the 2019 term, Sotomayor was in the bulk in 72 percent of decisions, the least oft along with Clarence Thomas.[xl]

Since the 2011 term, Sotomayor has been in the majority more than 80 percentage of the time five times. Across those 10 terms, she has been in the bulk for 79 percent of all cases.[41]

Noteworthy cases

Come across also: Noteworthy cases heard by electric current justices on the U.S. Supreme Courtroom

The noteworthy cases listed in this section include any case where the justice authored a v-4 majority opinion or an 8-ane dissent. Other cases may exist included in this conclusion if they fix or overturn an established legal precedent, are a major point of discussion in an election campaign, receive substantial media attending related to the justice's ruling, or based on our editorial judgment that the case is noteworthy. For more than on how we decide which cases are noteworthy, click hither.

Since she joined the court through the 2020 term, Sotomayor authored the majority opinion in a 5-four determination 8 times and authored a dissent in an 8-1 decision fourteen times. The tabular array below details these cases by yr.[42]

Sonia Sotomayor noteworthy cases
Year five-4 majority opinion 8-one dissenting opinion
Total 8 fourteen
2020 one 4
2019 0 ane
2018 1 0
2017 0 0
2016 0 ii
2015 0 ii
2014 ii two
2013 0 one
2012 one 0
2011 ii two
2010 1 0
2009 0 0

Supreme courtroom cases

Scope of judicial review in administrative agencies' actions (2020)

See also: Salinas v. United States Railroad Retirement Lath

Justice Sotomayor authored a 5-4 bulk stance in Salinas v. The states Railroad Retirement Board, holding that the Board's refusal to reopen a prior benefits determination is bailiwick to judicial review. Justice Sotomayor was joined in the majority past Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justices Stephen Breyer, Elena Kagan, and Brett Kavanaugh.[43]

" It is also worth noting that judicial review of reopening decisions will be express. The Lath'south decision to grant or deny reopening, while guided past noun criteria, is ultimately discretionary and therefore subject to reversal only for abuse of discretion. See xx CFR §261.xi; Stovic, 826 F. 3d, at 506; Szostak 5. Railroad Retirement Bd., 370 F. second 253, 254 (CA2 1966) (Friendly, J., for the court). Well-nigh decisions volition be upheld under this deferential standard. See ICC v. Locomotive Engineers, 482 U. Southward. 270, 288 (1987) (Stevens, J., concurring). Judicial review plays a modest, just important, role in guarding confronting decisions that are arbitrary, inconsistent with the standards gear up by the Board's own regulations, or otherwise contrary to law.[44] "
—Justice Sotomayor

Tribal hunting treaties (2018)

See besides: Herrera 5. Wyoming

Sotomayor authored a v-4 majority stance in this case property that the Crow Tribe'south hunting rights under an 1868 treaty did not elapse upon Wyoming'due south statehood. Sotomayor was joined in the bulk past Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, Kagan, and Gorsuch. Sotomayor wrote:[45]

" The Wyoming courts held that the treaty-protected hunting right expired when Wyoming became a State and, in any event, does not allow hunting in Bighorn National Forest because that land is non "unoccupied." We disagree. The Crow Tribe's hunting right survived Wyoming'due south statehood, and the lands within Bighorn National Forest did not become categorically "occupied" when set aside as a national reserve. [44] "

Schuette five. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action

Run across also: Supreme Courtroom of the United States(Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Activity, 572 U.Due south. ___ (2014))

Justice Sotomayor wrote the dissent in a 7-2 decision to uphold a Michigan ramble amendment to ban whatsoever preferential choice based on sex or race, also known every bit affirmative action. The amendment was challenged by the Coalition to Defend Affirmative Activity, Integration and Immigrant Rights and Fight for Equality past Any Means Necessary (BAMN) and the defendant listed was Beak Schuette (R), attorney general of Michigan.

Justice Sotomayor wrote:

" The outcome of §26 is that a white graduate of a public Michigan university who whishes to laissez passer his historical privilege on to his children may freely lobby the board of that academy in favor of an expanded legacy admissions policy, whereas a black Michagander who was denied the opportunity to attend that very university cannot lobby the lath in favor of a policy that might give his children a risk that he never had and that they might never have absent that policy.[46] [44] "

Sotomayor went on to concur with the majority that Michigan did nothing wrong in post-obit the political process to offer an amendment, but wrote that the upshot lies in the amendment itself. She wrote that the amendment takes away the power of university board members to create access standards that aid minorities simply allows ones that aid athletes and legacies, effectively creating uneven admission standards.[46]

2d Circuit cases

During more than a decade as a circuit court approximate, Sotomayor heard appeals on more than than 3,000 cases and wrote in excess of 380 opinions for the majority. She had five of those decisions reviewed by the United States Supreme Court, with three of them overturned and two upheld. A survey by Academy of Texas at Austin law professor Stefanie Lindquist institute her judgeship to take been moderate with respect to political leanings. Lindquist studied her 226 majority opinions from 2001 to 2009 and institute that 38 percent of her opinions could exist clearly defined equally liberal, while 49 percent of them fell clearly on the conservative end of the spectrum. She tended to be more conservative in criminal cases, where Supreme Court precedent encourages appellate judges to be pro-prosecution. On civil rights issues such equally race, gender, and clearing, on the other hand, Lindquist'due south study institute that Sotomayor tended to exist more liberal.[28] [47] [48]

Ricci v. DeStefano (2008)

See also: Us Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit(Ricci v. DeStefano, 530 F.3d 87 (2008))

Sotomayor joined a finding in favor of the metropolis of New Haven rejecting a lawsuit filed by 17 white firefighters and ane Hispanic fire-eater challenge race discrimination by the city. New Haven denied promotions following a promotion examination that yielded no black candidates eligible for advocacy. In a 5-four decision, the Supreme Court of the United states overturned the decision, stating the decision to cancel the promotions violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as well equally Title Vii of the 1964 Ceremonious Rights Act, which guarantees equal employment opportunity. The court found that Sotomayor'due south ruling would allow the city to "experiment" with tests until they found one that produced "a more than desirable racial distribution."[49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]

Riverkeeper Inc. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2007)

See also: United States Court of Appeals for the second Circuit(Riverkeeper Inc. v. The states Ecology Protection Bureau, 475 F3d 83 (2007))

Sotomayor establish in favor of ecology grouping Riverkeeper, which challenged an EPA ruling on the Make clean H2o Act's "best engineering science" rule involving power plants' demand to intake water as weighed against the risk to aquatic life in surrounding waters. In her ruling, she held: "Congress has already specified the human relationship betwixt price and benefits in requiring that the technology designated by EPA be the all-time available." Sotomayor's decision was overturned by the U.s. Supreme Court in a 6-3 vote where the court held that EPA could not weigh the costs of changes to ability plants versus the value of organisms in dollar terms, simply could consider only what costs "may reasonably be borne" by power plants when determining the all-time technology rule available.[49] [58] [59]

Heart for Reproductive Law and Policy 5. Bush-league (2002)

Run across as well: U.s. Court of Appeals for the second Circuit(Centre for Reproductive Law and Policy 5. Bush, 304 F3d 183 (2002))

In a case involving the Mexico City Policy—announced by President Ronald Reagan (R) in 1984, later on rescinded past President Beak Clinton (D), and reauthorized by President George W. Bush-league (R)—Sotomayor found that the federal government is within its rights to deny federal aid to foreign organizations that support or perform abortions. She dismissed claims by the Center for Reproductive Constabulary and Policy that the Mexico City Policy violated the First Amendment correct to association as well equally Fifth Amendment rights to due procedure and equal protection. In her finding, Sotomayor cited the Strange Assist Human activity of 1961, which authorizes the president "to furnish assistance, on such terms and atmospheric condition equally he may decide, for voluntary population planning," as well equally multiple Supreme Court precedents. In her decision, Sotomayor wrote, "The Supreme Court has made clear that the regime is costless to favor the anti-abortion position over the pro-selection position, and tin can exercise so with public funds."[3] [60] [61]

Malesko v. Correctional Services Corporation (2000)

See too: Us Courtroom of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit(Malesko five. Correctional Services Corporation, 229 F3d 374 (2000))

In this case, Sotomayor establish that an inmate living in a halfway house could sue a regime contractor for forcing him to climb five flights of stairs despite a heart condition afterwards the inmate suffered a center attack, vicious down the stairs, and injured himself. Sotomayor held "extending Bivens liability to attain private corporations furthers [its] overriding purpose: providing redress for violations of ramble rights." (Bivens was a 1971 Supreme Court example that immune some people whose rights have been violated by federal agents to sue.) The Supreme Court overturned Sotomayor'due south decision in a five to four ruling, stating that only individual agents, not corporations, could exist sued for such violations.[49] [58] [62]

District court cases

Sotomayor wrote several high-profile rulings regarding the Major League Baseball game strike of 1994, the Wall Street Periodical'southward publishing of the suicide note left past former Clinton White House counsel Vince Foster, and copyright bug related to a trivia book near the television prove Seinfeld. As a federal commune approximate, Sotomayor had one of her decisions overturned by the Supreme Court of the The states.

Silverman v. Major League Baseball Histrion Relations Committee, Inc. (1995)

See also: Usa Commune Court for the Southern District of New York(Silverman v. Major League Baseball Player Relations Committee, Inc, 67 F3d 1054 (1995))

Judge Sotomayor'south decision to grant a temporary injunction against the Major League Baseball owners on March 31, 1995, ended the 232-24-hour interval baseball game strike of 1994. The injunction prevented the owners from installing replacement players and temporarily reinstated a v-twelvemonth-sometime collective bargaining agreement allowing the 1995 season to take place and allowing players and owners to come up to a new agreement about a year later. Her decision was afterward upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit.[65] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72]

Dow Jones five. U.S. Department of Justice (1995)

See also: U.s.a. Commune Court for the Southern District of New York(Dow Jones v. U.S. Department of Justice, 880F. Supp. 145 (1995))

In 1995, Judge Sotomayor ruled in favor of the Wall Street Journal, allowing the paper to print a photocopy of the final note written by Clinton White Firm deputy counsel Vince Foster, who died in 1993. Sotomayor ruled that the public interest in the Foster story outweighed whatsoever violation of his family'southward privacy.[73] [74] [75]

Contempo news

The link beneath is to the most contempo stories in a Google news search for the terms Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Courtroom. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does non curate or endorse these articles.

See too

  • Supreme Court of the U.s.
  • Supreme Court cases, Oct term 2020-2021
  • Sotomayor confirmation hearing video
  • Reaction to Sonia Sotomayor nomination

External links

  • Profile by Oyez
  • Profile from the Supreme Court Historical Social club
  • United states of america Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Questionnaire filled out by Sotomayor
  • Appendix to the Commission on the Judiciary Questionnaire filled out by Sotomayor
  • GPO.gov, "Full Transcript of Justice Sotomayor'southward Senate Judiciary Hearing"
  • Opinions involving Sonia Sotomayor from Open Jurist

Footnotes

  1. ↑ i.0 1.i ane.two Oyez, "Sonia Sotomayor," accessed April 19, 2022
  2. ↑ Federal Judicial Center, "Sonia Sotomayor," accessed April fourteen, 2021
  3. ↑ three.0 three.i iii.2 Time, "Sonia Sotomayor: A justice similar no other," May 28, 2009 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; proper noun "Time Nomination" divers multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Time Nomination" divers multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ New York Times, "In Puerto Rico, Supreme Court selection with isle roots becomes a superstar," May 29, 2009
  5. ↑ New York Times, "A breakthrough judge: what she ever wanted," September 25, 1992
  6. ↑ Cardinal Spellman High School, "Spellman grad U.S. Supreme Court nominee"
  7. ↑ Boston.com, "Sotomayor would be 6th Catholic justice," May 26, 2009, archived January 17, 2013
  8. ↑ Adherents.com, "Religious affiliation of the U.S. Supreme Courtroom"
  9. ↑ Politico, "Princeton University holds the fundamental to understanding Sonia Sotomayor," May 29, 2009
  10. ↑ The Daily Princetonian, "Latin student groups set on university hiring performance," April 22, 1974
  11. ↑ Princeton University, "Princeton alumna, trustee nominated to Supreme Court," May 26, 2009
  12. ↑ Preface to Sonia Sotomayor'due south Princeton University Senior Thesis: "The Impact of the Life of Luis Muñoz Marin on the Political and Economical History of Puerto Rico, 1930-1975."
  13. ↑ Federal Judicial Middle, "Sotomayor, Sonia"
  14. ↑ Yale Law Journal, Sonia Sotomayor's annotation," May 27, 2009
  15. ↑ Yale Law Journal, "Sonia Sotomayor'southward Yale Law Journal note 'Statehood and the Equal Footing Doctrine: The Instance for Puerto Rican Seabed Rights,'" April 1979
  16. ↑ United states Today, "'The People'south Justice': After decade on Supreme Court, Sonia Sotomayor is well-nigh outspoken on bench and off," August eight, 2019
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Washington Post, "Sotomyaor wins confirmation," August vii, 2009 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WashPost Vote" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ New York Times, "Senate panel endorses Sotomayor in 13-half-dozen vote," July 28, 2009
  19. ↑ New York Times "Souter said to be leaving court in June," Apr thirty, 2009
  20. ↑ The Unz Review, "Obama'south choices: Gird your loins," May 1, 2009
  21. ↑ Chicago Tribune, "Contrasts with court transcend ethnicity," August 7, 2009
  22. ↑ Time, "Sonia Sotomayor: A justice like no other," May 28, 2009
  23. ↑ BBC News, "Senate ends Sotomayor questioning," July 16, 2009
  24. ↑ Fox News, "'Meltdown'-proof? Sotomayor'south confirmation bodacious?" July 14, 2009
  25. ↑ New York Times, "Grand.O.P., its eyes on high courtroom, blocks a guess," June 13, 1998
  26. ↑ New York Times, "After delay, Senate approves guess for court in New York," October three, 1998
  27. ↑ American Bar Association, "Ratings of Article III judicial nominees: 105th Congress (1997-1998)," accessed April 14, 2021
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 New York Times, "Adult female in the news - Sotomayor, a trailblazer and a dreamer," May 27, 2009
  29. ↑ New York Times, "iv women delayed in ascent to the bench," July xiv, 1992
  30. ↑ New York Times, "Update; a small-scale whittling downwards of federal demote vacancies," August sixteen, 1992
  31. ↑ Dissenting Justice, "Hatchet job: Jeffrey Rosen's utterly bankrupt analysis of Estimate Sonia Sotomayor," May 4, 2009
  32. ↑ SCOTUSBlog.com, "Stat Pack archive," accessed April 22, 2016
  33. ↑ SCOTUSBlog, "Last Stat Pack for October Term 2016 and primal takeaways," accessed April 16, 2018
  34. ↑ SCOTUSBlog, "Final Stat Pack for Oct Term 2017 and fundamental takeaways," accessed Oct 4, 2018
  35. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "2020-21 Stat pack: Justice Agreement," July 2, 2021
  36. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "Justice Understanding," accessed September 21, 2020
  37. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "OT18 Agreement Tables," accessed July 3, 2019
  38. ↑ Due to a change in the stat pack format, the understanding rate uses the rate of agreement in judgment.
  39. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "2020-21 Stat pack: Frequency in the majority," July ii, 2021
  40. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "Frequency in the Majority," accessed September 21, 2020
  41. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "OT18 Frequency in the Majority," accessed July 3, 2019
  42. ↑ The Supreme Court Database, "Analysis," accessed June xi, 2019
  43. ↑ Supreme Court of the U.s., "SALINAS v. U.s. RAILROAD RETIREMENT Lath: Skid opinion," decided Feb three, 2021
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.two Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  45. ↑ Supreme Court of the Usa, "Herrera v. Wyoming," May 20, 2019
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Cornell Law, "Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Activeness," accessed June 24, 2014
  47. ↑ Time, "Where Sonia Sotomayor really stands on race," June 11, 2009Whorl to page 2
  48. ↑ Americans for Legal Clearing, "Where Sonia Sotomayor really stands on race:Time," June 18, 2009
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.ii New York Times, "Selected cases of Judge Sonia Sotomayor," accessed April 14, 2021 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NYT Selected Cases" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; proper name "NYT Selected Cases" defined multiple times with different content
  50. ↑ Time, "How the Republicans will get afterward Sonia Sotomayor," July 13, 2009
  51. ↑ FindLaw, "Title VII of the Ceremonious Rights Act of 1964: Equal Employment Opportunity," accessed April 14, 2021
  52. ↑ New York Times, "Considering of race: Ricci v. DeStefano - Stanley Fish Blog," July 13, 2009
  53. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "Statement recap: Ricci v. DeStefano," April 24, 2009
  54. ↑ Legal Information Institute Bulletin, "Ricci five. DeStefano," accessed Apr 14, 2021
  55. ↑ Cornell Law School: Legal Data Institute, "Ricci 5. DeStefano," accessed April 14, 2021
  56. ↑ Supreme Court of the The states, "Ricci five. DeStefano," accessed April 14, 2021
  57. ↑ Christian Science Monitor, "U.Southward. Supreme Court takes up 'reverse discrimination' case," Jan 9, 2009
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 New York Times, "Sotomayor's notable court opinions and articles," July x, 2009
  59. ↑ OpenJurist, "Riverkeeper Inc. 5. United states Envrionmental Protection Agency," accessed April 14, 2021
  60. ↑ OpenJurist, "Center for Reproductive Police force and Policy v. Bush"
  61. ↑ Washington Post, "Abortion rights backers get reassurances on nominee," May 29, 2009
  62. ↑ OpenJurist, "John Malesko five. Correctional Services Corporation," accessed April 14, 2021
  63. ↑ Cornell Police School, "CASTLE Rock Amusement, INC. five. Carol PUBLISHING Grouping, 150 F.3d 132 (2nd Cir. 1998) (LOISLAW)," accessed April 14, 2021
  64. ↑ Justia.com, "Castle Rock Amusement, Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group, Inc. and Beth B. Golub," accessed April fourteen, 2021
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 CNN, "Sotomayor'southward resume, record on notable cases," accessed April 14, 2021
  66. ↑ OpenJurist.com, "New York Times Company Inc. v. Jonathan Tasini," accessed April 14, 2021
  67. ↑ Justia.com, "New York Times Co., Inc. v. Tasini et al.," accessed April 14, 2021
  68. ↑ New York Times, "Sotomayor's baseball game ruling lingers, xiv years later," May 26, 2009
  69. ↑ OpenJurist.com, "Silverman v. Major League Baseball game Thespian Relations Committee Inc.," accessed April 14, 2021
  70. ↑ The Employment Police Post, "Sotomayor's district court decisions on traditional labor matters," June 16, 2009
  71. ↑ New York Times, "Sotomayor, baseball game'south savior, may exist possibility for high court," May xiv, 2009
  72. ↑ New York Times, "Baseball game: Woman in the news; strike-zone arbitrator -- Sonia Sotomayor," Apr 1, 1995
  73. ↑ Reporters Committee for Liberty of the Press, "A summary of media related decisions by Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor," accessed April 14, 2021
  74. ↑ U.S. Department of Justice, "FOIA update: significant new decisions (1995)," Jan 1, 1995
  75. ↑ Offset Subpoena Eye, "Sotomayor on the First Amendment," May 28, 2009, archived on Apr 23, 2010

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